Backlight unit and liquid crystal display device

ABSTRACT

A backlight unit has a light-guide plate and a light source optically coupled with the light-guide plate, with which light is input from a plane of the light-guide plate and white-light is output from the first principal plane of the light-guide plate. The light source has a plurality of blue light emitting diodes, red phosphor material excited by light from the blue light emitting diodes and emits red light, and a plurality of green semiconductor lasers having emission peaks at green light wavelengths.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 119 to JapanesePatent Application No. 2014-197104 filed Sep. 26, 2014. The contents ofthat application are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present disclosure relates to backlight unit as a light source for aliquid crystal display device and to a liquid crystal display deviceusing that backlight unit.

2. Description of the Related Art

Liquid crystal technology is applied extensively in displays such aslarge-screen televisions. A LED used for backlight in such liquidcrystal displays that produces white-light is configured by combiningblue LEDs, which emit blue light, and yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Y₃Al₅O₁₂:YAG) phosphor, which emits yellow light when excited by blue light fromthe LEDs, for example.

In recent years, as shown in FIG. 26, the region of color-space on achromaticity diagram required by new display standards is wider thanthat for conventional standard.

Refer to Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication 2003-242817,International Patent Publication WO2012/132895, and BT 0.2020 “Parametervalues for ultra-high definition television systems for production andinternational programme exchange” (ITU 2014.6).

One object of the present invention is to provide a backlight unit for aliquid crystal display and a liquid crystal display device that canimplement a wider range of colors than that specified by the NTSCstandard.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A backlight unit for one aspect of the present invention is providedwith a light-guide plate a light-guide plate having a first principalplane, a second principal plane at opposite side of the first principalplane, and at least one edge; and a light source optically coupled withthe light-guide plate, with which light is input from a plane of thelight-guide plate and white-light is output from the first principalplane of the light-guide plate. The light source has a plurality of bluelight emitting diodes; red phosphor material excited by light from theblue light emitting diodes and emits red light; and a plurality of greensemiconductor lasers having emission peaks at green light wavelengths.

The liquid crystal display device for another aspect of the presentinvention uses the liquid crystal display backlight unit described aboveas backlighting.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

More complete appreciation of the invention and many of its attendantadvantages will be readily obtained as the invention becomes betterunderstood by reference to the subsequent detailed descriptionconsidered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings:

FIG. 1 is an exploded schematic perspective view showing a liquidcrystal display device for one embodiment;

FIG. 2 is an exploded schematic perspective view showing a liquidcrystal display backlight unit of the first embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a schematic plan view showing light source and light-guideplate arrangement of the first embodiment;

FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing one of the blue LEDsin FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is a schematic plan view showing a disposition of the redphosphor in an alternate embodiment;

FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an arrangement of thered phosphor arrangement in a blue LED of an alternate embodiment;

FIG. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an arrangement of thered phosphor in a blue LED of another alternate embodiment;

FIG. 8 is an exploded schematic perspective view showing one embodimentof a configuration to implement backlighting with a green laser disposedat an edge of the light-guide plate;

FIG. 9A is a schematic vertical cross-sectional view showing anunpolarized backlight configuration. FIG. 9B is a schematic verticalcross-sectional view showing one embodiment having a polarized laserbacklight configuration;

FIG. 10 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of astructure incorporating zero-birefringent optical polymer;

FIG. 11 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of a thestructure of a green laser diode;

FIG. 12 is a schematic enlarged partial perspective view showing anexample of arrangement of the green laser diodes which optically coupledwith the light-guide plate;

FIG. 13 is a schematic spectrum showing color filtering applied to aconventional backlight source that combines gallium-nitride based blueLEDs, β-SiAlON green phosphor, and CaAlSiN₃ (CASN) red phosphor;

FIG. 14 is a schematic spectrum showing color filtering applied to abacklight source according to the present discloser that combinesgallium-nitride based blue LEDs, gallium-nitride based green laserdiodes, and K₂SiF₆ (KSF) red phosphor;

FIG. 15 is a schematic plan view showing an embodiment of green laserdiodes disposed at opposing edges extending a lengthwise direction ofthe light-guide plate according to the second embodiment;

FIG. 16 is a schematic plan view showing a direct LED backlighting typeunit according to the third embodiment;

FIG. 17 is a schematic plan view showing a backlight unit according tothe fourth embodiment;

FIG. 18A is a schematic plan view showing a backlight unit according tothe fifth embodiment, FIG. 18B are schematic enlarged partial horizontalcross-section insets showing light-reflecting edges of the backlight inFIG. 18A, FIG. 18C is a schematic vertical cross-section through theline C-C in FIG. 18A, FIG. 18D is a schematic vertical cross-sectionthrough the line D-D in FIG. 18A;

FIG. 19 is a schematic plan view showing backlight unit according to thesixth embodiment;

FIG. 20 is a schematic diagram showing a structure to align green lightbeams from first, second, and third green laser diodes;

FIG. 21 is a schematic diagram showing another structure to align greenlight beams from first, second, and third green laser diodes;

FIG. 22A is a schematic plan view showing backlight unit according to analternate embodiment, FIG. 22B is a schematic cross-sectional view ofFIG. 22A;

FIG. 23 is a schematic vertical cross-sectional view showing backlightunit according to another alternate embodiment;

FIG. 24 is a schematic plan view showing backlight unit according to theseventh embodiment;

FIG. 25 is a schematic plan view showing backlight unit according to theeighth embodiment; and

FIG. 26 is a chromaticity diagram showing color-space for NTSC and BT0.2020 standards.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

The following describes embodiments of the present invention withreference to the accompanying drawings. Here, similar reference numbersdesignate corresponding or identical components in the drawings.However, the following embodiments are merely specific examplesrepresentative of the technology associated with the present invention,and the present invention is not limited to the embodiments describedbelow. In this application, components indicated in the claims are in noway limited to the components in the embodiments. Particularly, in theabsence of specific annotation, structural component features describedin the embodiments such as dimensions, raw material, shape, and relativeposition are simply for the purpose of explicative example and are notintended to limit the scope of the invention. Properties such as thesize and spatial relation of components shown in the figures may beexaggerated for the purpose of clear explanation. In the descriptionsfollowing, components with the same name and reference number indicatecomponents that are the same or have the same properties and theirdetailed description is appropriately abbreviated. Further, a singlecomponent can serve multiple functions and a plurality of structuralelements of the invention can be implemented with the same component. Incontrast, the functions of a single component can be separated ordistributed and implemented by a plurality of components.

In this disclosure, the relation between color designation andchromaticity diagram coordinates, and the relation between the colordesignation of single-color light and the wavelength range of that lightare in accordance with Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) Z8110.Specifically, blue-purple is 380 nm to 455 nm, blue is 455 nm to 485 nm,blue-green is 485 nm to 495 nm, green is 495 nm to 548 nm, yellow-greenis 548 nm to 573 nm, yellow is 573 nm to 584 nm, yellow-red is 584 nm to610 nm, and red is 610 nm to 780 nm.

(Liquid Crystal Display Device)

As shown in FIG. 1, an example of a liquid crystal display (LCD) deviceis shown as one implementation of the present disclosure. Here, abacklight unit 100 is stacked at the bottom surface of the LCD panel 70.In detail from the top to bottom of FIG. 1, polarizing film 71, glasssubstrate 72, common electrode layer 73, glass substrate 74, polarizingfilm 75, and the backlight unit 100 are stacked in that order. Inaddition, a matrix of pixel electrodes 77, which correspond to eachdisplay element (liquid crystal cell or pixel), are formed on thesurface of the glass substrate 74 opposite the common electrode layer73. Each pixel electrode 77 is controlled ON or OFF by a thin filmtransistor (TFT) 78, and each TFT 78 is turned by a liquid crystaldriver circuit 79 which can selectively control ON or OFF of signallines 81 and scanning lines 80. Although not illustrated, an alignmentlayer (liquid crystal orientation film) is disposed on the upper surfaceof the pixel electrodes 77, another alignment layer is disposed on thebottom surface of the common electrode layer 73, and liquid crystalmaterial fills the gap between those two alignment layers. Thepolarizing film 71, glass substrate 72, common electrode layer 73, glasssubstrate 74, and polarizing film 75 described above all havesubstantially the same dimensions.

First Embodiment Backlight Unit 100

Details of the backlight unit 100 for the first embodiment of thepresent invention are shown in the exploded schematic perspective viewof FIG. 2. The liquid crystal display backlight unit shown in FIG. 2 isprovided with a front-frame 101 and back-frame 102 that constitute ahousing of the backlight unit, a light-guide plate 10 housed between thefront and back-frames, a blue LED unit 20 that carries a plurality ofblue LEDs 21, and a green laser diode unit 30 that carries a pluralityof green laser diodes (LDs) 31. In the following, LEDs may be referredto as light emitting diodes or light emitting devices with the samemeaning intended, and LDs may be referred to as laser diodes, laserdiode devices, or semiconductor lasers, also with the same meaningintended. An LED or LD element may also be referred to as a die or chip.A diffuser sheet 12 to uniformly diffuse light and a lens sheet 14 suchas a prism sheet to direct the light are disposed on the upper surfaceof the light-guide plate 10. Preferably, the lens sheet 14 employs adouble-layer of lens sheets 14. In addition, a reflector sheet 16 isdisposed under the bottom surface of the light-guide plate 10 toeffectively utilize light by reflecting it at the bottom surface of thelight-guide plate 10. Preferably by making these sheets or layerssubstantially the same size and shape, they can be neatly housed betweenthe front-frame 101 and the back-frame 102, which divide the frame intoupper and lower pieces. Omission of the diffuser sheet is also possible.

An arrangement of light sources and the light-guide plate 10 of thebacklight unit 100 is shown in the schematic plan view of FIG. 3. Asshown in FIG. 3, a blue LED unit 20 is disposed along the first edge,which is one edge of the light-guide plate 10, and a green laser diode(LD) unit 30 is disposed along the second edge, which is another edge ofthe light-guide plate 10. The surface of the blue LED unit 20 oppositethe first edge of the light-guide plate 10 has a plurality of blue LEDdevices 21 spaced at approximately equal intervals. Further, a phosphorsheet 40 is disposed on the first principal plane of the light-guideplate 10. The phosphor sheet 40 includes dispersed red phosphor materialthat emits red light when excited by blue light emitted from the blueLEDs 21. In this manner, that is, by disposing light sources around theperimeter of the light-guide plate 10 to introduce different coloredlight from different surfaces (or edges), and by disposing the phosphorsheet 40 dispersed with red phosphor material on the first principalplane of the light-guide plate 10, white-light that these colored lightare mixed can be output from the first principal plane, which is thelight-extraction surface of the light-guide plate 10. Further, the firstprincipal plane, which is the light-extraction surface of thelight-guide plate 10, can serve as a planar light source by emittinglight that is substantially uniform over the entire first principalplane.

It is preferable to dispose the red phosphor material further away fromthe green LD devices than from the blue LED devices. By disposing thered phosphor material at a distance from a large amount of heatproducing green LD devices, thermally induced degradation of thephosphor can be reduced. This arrangement is particularly effective inthe case where phosphor material having a low resistance to thermaldegradation such as K₂SiF₆ (KSF) is used as the red phosphor material(described later).

(Blue LED Unit 20)

A blue LED unit 20 carrying a plurality of blue LED devices 21 in alinear arrangement is disposed along the first edge of the light-guideplate 10, which is at one end of the lengthwise side of the light-guideplate 10 in the embodiment of FIG. 3, so that optically connected to thelight-guide plate 10. A light from the blue LED unit 20 incidents intothe light-guide plate 10 from an edge of the light-guide plate 10 andthe light is extracted from the light-extraction surface or viewingsurface of the light-guide plate 10 served as a planer light source.Such configuration may be referred as edge-lighting type in thisspecification.

The blue LED unit 20 of this embodiment is a long narrow circuit boardwith blue LED devices 21 mounted at approximately equal intervals. Theblue LED devices 21 are powered via an LED driver circuit 22.

(Blue LED Device 21)

Various types of LED devices, such as lamp-type devices andsurface-mount devices can be used as blue LED devices 21 in the blue LEDunit 20. A lamp-type LED device generally implies a light emittingdevice configured with the light emitting element disposed on thelead-frame of externally connecting electrode leads and enclosed inencapsulating material. The encapsulating material covers the lightemitting element and part of the leads and is formed in a bullet or domeshape, for example. A surface-mount LED device implies a light emittingdevice configured with the light emitting element and encapsulatingmaterial disposed on a molded body, for example. There are also lightemitting devices with the light emitting element mounted on a planarsubstrate covered with encapsulating material that includes phosphor andis formed in a lens shape. Surface-mount devices as shown in theschematic cross-sectional view of FIG. 4 are used as the blue LEDs forthe present embodiment. Surface-mount type devices (SMDs) areappropriate for use in thin, compact apparatus.

The blue LED device 21 shown in FIG. 4 is mainly made up of a package 23that has a recess, an LED die (chip) 24, and encapsulating material 25that covers the LED die 24. The LED die 24 includes a gallium nitridebased semiconductor that is capable to emit visible light at shortwavelengths. The package 23 is formed with a recess that has side-wallsand a bottom surface. The LED die 24 is disposed on the bottom surfaceof the recess. The package 23 has a pair of electrode leads 26, 27(positive and negative electrode leads) and is molded as a single-piecewith thermoplastic or thermosetting resin. The positive and negativeelectrode leads 26, 27 integral with the package 23 are electricallyconnected via conducting wires 28 to the LED die 24. The inside of therecess is filled with encapsulating material 25. The encapsulatingmaterial 25 preferably employs a thermosetting resin such as epoxyresin, silicone resin, epoxy-modified silicone resin, or modifiedsilicone resin. The positive and negative electrode leads 26, 27 areexposed on the bottom surface of the package 23 and aligns with thebottom surfaces of the package outline. Power is received from anexternal supply through the electrode leads 26, 27 to turn on orilluminate the blue LED device 21.

The blue LED device 21 has a light emission peak in a wavelength rangeof 430 nm to 490 nm, and preferably with a wavelength near 467 nm. Byusing a blue LED device 21 with a sharp-peak emission spectrum,extension of the tail regions (the end portions) of the emissionwavelength into the green wavelengths region can be avoided, a range(band) of wavelengths cut by a green filter can be narrowed, and lighttransmissivity of the filter can be improved. The blue LED device 21 canhave the generic formula In_(x)Al_(y)Ga_(1-x-y)N, (0≦x≦1, 0≦y≦1,0≦x+y≦1), and higher emission intensity can be obtained with amulti-layer structure.

To form an n-type nitride semiconductor with improved light emissionefficiency, inclusion of dopants such as Si, Ge, Se, Te, C, and O ispreferable. P-type nitride semiconductors can be formed by doping withelements such as Zn, Mg, Be, Ca, Sr, and Ba. In the case of nitridesemiconductors, simply including p-type dopant may not work to convertthe material to p-type. Accordingly, post-doping heat treatment orplasma exposure is preferably performed to reduce the resistance of thep-type material.

There are no particular limitations on the LED element as long as it isconfigured to emit light from an upper or side surface. A pair of(positive and negative) electrodes can be provided on a single surfaceor on two opposite surfaces of the semiconductor element stack, which isa multi-layer stack.

(LED Driver Circuit 22)

The blue LED unit 20 is connected to an LED driver circuit 22 toilluminate each LED element (chip). The LED driver circuit 22 controlsillumination of each LED to produce uniform white-light across thelight-extraction surface of the light-guide plate 10. The output fromthe LEDs is controlled by schemes such as pulse width modulation (PWM)or pulse amplitude modulation (PAM). A current regulating system can beprovided to compensate for variation in the light emittingcharacteristics of individual LEDs. Other regulating circuitry, such ascircuits that sense ambient brightness and adjust LED outputappropriately, may also be added.

(Red Phosphor Material)

Phosphor material with an emission wavelength that the peak emissionwavelength lies within the range of red filter wavelengths (describedlater in the color filter section) and has a narrow full width athalf-maximum (FWHM), is efficient and preferable for use as the redphosphor material. In this example, fluoride phosphor material is usedas the red phosphor. Specifically, the red phosphor of the presentembodiment is a fluoride phosphor material activated by Mn⁴⁺ with thefollowing formula.

A[M_(1-a)Mn⁴⁺ _(a)F₆]  (1)

In formula (1), component A is selected from the group of elements: Li,Na, K, Rb, and Cs, includes at least one of those alkaline earth metals,and includes at least Na and/or K. Component M is at least one elementselected from the group 4 and group 14 elements, and a is a numbersatisfying the inequality 0<a<0.2. Preferably, K₂SiF₆:Mn⁴⁺ (KSF)phosphor is used as the red phosphor. By using KSF phosphor, green lightis not absorbed by the phosphor even when the phosphor is exposed togreen light from the green laser diodes 31. This enables efficientrealization of the three light components red, green, and blue (RGB)even when the phosphor is disposed as a phosphor sheet 40 on the frontsurface (the first principal plane) of the light-guide plate 10.

The red phosphor is not limited to a single type of phosphor material,and two or more types of phosphor material can be used together. It ispreferable to incorporate the red phosphor material in a lighttransmissive resin as a phosphor sheet 40, which is disposed on thefront or back surface (the second principal plane) of the light-guideplate 10. It is especially preferable to dispose the phosphor sheet 40on the front surface of the light-guide plate 10 making it easy toprovide separation between the red phosphor material and the blue LEDunit 20. In particular, in the case where the phosphor sheet includesKSF phosphor degradation of the KSF phosphor by heat can prevent orsuppress by disposing the phosphor sheet at a distance from the blueLEDs.

Additionally, the phosphor sheet 40 disposed in this manner on the frontsurface of the light-guide plate 10 also serves to scatter light fromthe laser diodes 31, and is preferable from a light uniformityperspective. In particular, since laser light is highly directional,light scattering is essential. While light from the green laser diodes31 is emitted into and scattered by the light-guide plate 10, furtherlight scattering by phosphor particles within the phosphor sheet acts insynergy to produce even more uniform light immediately prior to outputof RGB light. Further, in this or in any of the embodiments, surfaces ofthe phosphor sheet 40 can be formed with prism-like shaped protrusionand recess to scatter light to a still higher degree.

As shown in the alternate embodiment backlight unit 200 of FIG. 5, thephosphor sheet 240 can be positioned between the blue LED unit 220 andthe light-guide plate 210. Namely, the backlight unit 200 can beconfigured with the phosphor sheet 240 disposed at an edge of thelight-guide plate 210. The red phosphor material can be disposed at anysurfaces where the phosphor can be efficiently illuminated by blue LEDlight. For example, in the case where the blue LED unit 220 is disposedat an edge of the light-guide plate 210, a coating includes the redphosphor or a phosphor sheet 240 that includes the red phosphor can beprovided between the blue LED unit 220 and the light-guide plate 210 tointroduce red fluorescent light produced by efficient excitation of thered phosphor. The green laser diode unit 230 in this embodiment, whichcarries green laser diode devices 231, can be configured insubstantially the same manner shown in FIG. 3. Such as thisconfiguration, that is, the red phosphor, which is excited by blue LEDlight, is disposed at the same surface of light-guide plate 210 as theblue LED devices 221 are disposed, while the green laser diode devices231, which produce more heat than the blue LED devices 221, are disposedat a different surface of the light-guide plate 210 allows separationbetween the red phosphor material and the blue LED devices 221 withrespect to the green laser diode devices 231. Further, since no phosphorsheet intervenes between the green laser diodes and the light-guideplate, degradation of the red phosphor material and the blue LED devices221 due to heat produced by the green laser diode devices 231 can besuppressed.

The red phosphor may not be included in a phosphor sheet. For example,as shown in the alternate embodiment of blue LED device 321 of FIG. 6,red phosphor material 341 can be disposed in the package 323 and aroundthe LED die 324. Integrating the red phosphor material 341 into thepackage 323 of the blue LED device 321 has the merit that additionalspace may not be needed to be allocated for disposing the red phosphorand assembly for a backlight unit can be simplified. In the embodimentof FIG. 6, the red phosphor material 341 is distributed with local biaswithin the encapsulating material 325. By providing red phosphor closeto the LED die 324, light from the LED die 324 can be efficientlyconverted, and a light emitting device with superior emission efficiencycan be produced. Disposition of material including the red phosphor isnot limited to close proximity with the light emitting element, andconsidering the effects of heat on the phosphor material, distance canbe established between the light emitting element and thewavelength-shifting material that includes the phosphor. Further, bydistributing the red phosphor material approximately uniformlythroughout the encapsulating material, light without color unevennesscan be produced.

In the structure shown in FIG. 6, red phosphor material may be directlyexposed to intense light and heat generated by the LED chip. Therefore,characteristics alteration or degradation of phosphor material maycause, particularly for phosphors characterized by temperaturesensitivity or low resistance to heat. Accordingly, as shown in the blueLED device 421 of FIG. 7, red phosphor material 441 can be included in asecond encapsulating material 442 layer disposed on the upper surface ofencapsulating material 425 that partially fills the recess of thepackage 423. This establishes distance between the LED die 424 and thered phosphor material 441 and can protect the red phosphor material 441from light and heat generated by the LED die 424.

In case where a plurality types of red phosphors are employed, besidesmixing the different types of red phosphor material together, thedifferent types of red phosphor material can be disposed in differentlocations as well. For example, when two types of red phosphor material(i.e. a first red phosphor and a second red phosphor) are employed, thefirst red phosphor can be mixed into the encapsulating resin of the blueLED devices while the second red phosphor can be stacked on thelight-guide plate as a phosphor sheet. In particular, phosphor with lowresistance to heat such as KSF can be disposed in the form of phosphorsheet, which is advantageously employed at a distance from the sourcesof heat. In contrast, phosphor with superior heat resistance can beencapsulated inside the blue LED device. It is possible to combinedifferent allocating arrangements and dispose phosphor material to takeadvantage of each phosphor's individual characteristics.

(Green Laser Diode Unit 30)

As shown in figures such as FIG. 2, the green laser diode (LD) unit 30carries a plurality of green laser diode (LD) devices 31 mounted atapproximately equal intervals, and is disposed opposite the second edge,which is adjacent to the first edge of the light-guide plate 10. Thegreen LD devices 31 are illuminated via an LD driver circuit 32. Thisconfiguration disposes the green LD devices 31, which have greaterthermal emission than the blue LED devices 21, at a different edge(second edge) of the light-guide plate 10 than the blue LED devices 21(disposed at the first edge) and the phosphor sheet 40, which includesred phosphor material and is disposed on the first principal plane ofthe light-guide plate 10. This separates the green LD devices 31 fromboth the blue LED devices 21 and the red phosphor material, and cansuppress degradation of the red phosphor material and blue LED devices21 due to heat produced by the green LD devices 31.

One example of a configuration that implements backlighting with a greenLD unit 30 disposed at an edge of the light-guide plate 10 is shown inthe exploded schematic perspective view of FIG. 8. As shown in thisfigure, the green LD device emits green light into the light-guide plate510 through various optical components. Here, a polarizer 533, a laserline generator lens 534, a Fresnel lens 535, and a cut rod lens 536 areused as optical components. The polarizer 533 allows input light to beoutput as linearly polarized light. The laser line generator lens 534can reduce intensity differences between the center and periphery of thebeam and generate uniform energy. The Fresnel lens 535 enables parallellight rays to be output, and the cut rod lens 536 expands the angularwidth of light input to the light-guide plate 510.

In addition, a diffuser sheet 537 is disposed on the light-extractionsurface of the light-guide plate 510. Unevenness of light intensity canbe reduced to improve the light intensity distribution by the diffusersheet 537. Also the back surface of the light-guide plate 510 on thereverse side from the light-extraction surface can be provided with aprism structure that has a saw-tooth cross-section. This configurationenables green light emitted into the light-guide plate from an edge tobe effectively redirected or turned to the light-extraction surface.

A diffuser sheet 537B can also be disposed between the green LD unit 30and the light-guide plate 510. This makes it possible for green lightemitted into the light-guide plate to diffuse inside the light-guideplate. In particular, it is preferable to dispose the diffuser sheet537B in contact with an edge of the light-guide plate 510. Specifically,the diffuser sheet 537B can be attached to the edge of the light-guideplate where green light is introduced. The diffuser sheet 537B can bedisposed over an entire edge of the light-guide plate, but it ispreferable to dispose the diffuser sheet only in the regions of incidentgreen light and not dispose diffuser sheet in non-illuminated regions inbetween adjacent green LD devices. An example of this type of diffusersheet 537B arrangement is shown in FIG. 3. While the either diffusersheet 537 disposed on the light-extraction surface of the light-guideplate 510 shown in FIG. 8 or the diffuser sheet 537B disposed on theedge of the light-guide plate 510 can be used independently, green lightdiffusion can be further enhanced by using both diffuser sheets incombination.

Preferably, green LD devices and a light-guide plate configure polarizedlaser type backlighting. Using green LD devices as the light source forthis type of backlighting and utilizing polarization makes it possibleto attain high light transmission efficiency through the LCD panel. Thisdesign will be described based on FIGS. 9A and 9B. Here, FIG. 9Acorresponds to unpolarized backlighting using a CCFL or LED light source631′, while FIG. 9B illustrates polarized laser type backlighting. Inthe case of prior-art unpolarized backlighting shown in FIG. 9A, lightutilization efficiency may be low due to absorption of more than halfthe light emitted from the light source 631′ by the polarizer 676′behind the LCD panel 670′. In contrast, polarized laser typebacklighting shown in FIG. 9B retains the polarization of light fromgreen LD devices 631, which used as the light source for backlighting,and converts green light reflected through the light-guide plate 610 toa planar source of linearly polarized light. Consequently, lightabsorption by the polarizer 676 can be restrained and light utilizationefficiency of the LCD panel 670 can be improved.

Zero-zero-birefringent optical polymers can also be used advantageouslyto implement polarized laser backlighting. Polymers exhibit orientationbirefringence due to polymer chain orientation, and photo-elasticbirefringence due to elastic deformation. Birefringence(double-refraction due to refractive index anisotropy) is a factorcausing disruption of polarization. By appropriate use ofzero-zero-birefringent optical polymers, the laser light polarizationstate can be maintained and polarized light can be used in the liquidcrystal display after conversion to a planar light source by thelight-guide plate. In that case, the light-guide plate 10 is preferablyconstructed with light diffuser/light-guide polymer. Zero-birefringentfilm can be made of zero-birefringent optical polymer and stacked with apolarizing film. For example, as shown in the schematic cross-section ofFIG. 10, zero-birefringent film is preferably disposed after thelight-guide plate.

(Green Laser Diode Device 31)

A green LD device 31 can be formed, for example, with gallium nitridebased compound semiconductors. An example of a structure employingnitride semiconductor layers and sapphire substrate as a growthsubstrate includes (stacked from the substrate up) the sapphiresubstrate, a buffer layer to relieve lattice mismatch between thesapphire substrate and nitride semiconductor, an n-type contact layer tobe formed the negative contact thereon, a second n-side cladding layer,a first n-side cladding layer, a nitride semiconductor active layer thatincludes indium and gallium, a p-side cladding layer, p-type nitridesemiconductor layers, and a p-side contact layer stacked in order.Further, it includes a positive contact stripe formed on top of thep-type nitride semiconductor layers, and optical resonance surfacessubstantially orthogonal to the positive contact stripe. The p-sidecladding layer is made up of a first p-side cladding layer and a secondp-side cladding layer. A multi-layer film, which is a laminate ofnitride semiconductors having two different compositions, is disposedbetween the second p-side cladding layer and the A-side contact layer.At least one of the nitride semiconductor layers in the multi-layer filmincludes indium or gallium, or is GaN.

The active layer (e.g. In_(x)Ga_(1-x)N [0<x<1]) can be n-type, p-type orintrinsic (un-doped), using intrinsic material results in strongerband-to-band light emission, so that FWHM of an emission wavelength canbe narrower. This is particularly preferable for laser deviceimplementation. In particular, extremely high output power lightemitting devices can be obtained in the case where the active layer hasa single or multiple-quantum-well structure. Single-quantum-wells (SQWs)and multiple-quantum-wells (MQWs) are active layer configurations thatcan produce light emission due to transitions between (quantum) energylevels in intrinsic InGaN. For example, in an SQW structure, the activelayer has a single-composition layer made of In_(x)Ga_(1-x)N (0≦x<1). Bymaking the In_(x)Ga_(1-x)N film thickness 100 Å or less, and morepreferably 70 Å or less, energy level transition can produce stronglight emission. An MQW employs a multi-layer film structure that is alaminate of a plurality of In_(x)Ga_(1-x)N (in this case, including x=0an x=1) thin films having different composition ratios. With SQW and MQWintrinsic layers, energy level transitions produce light emission withwavelengths from approximately 365 nm to 660 nm. Film thickness forquantum-well structures is, as mentioned above, preferably 70 Å or less.In MQW structures, it is preferable to form quantum-well layers fromIn_(x)Ga_(1-x)N and barrier layers from similar In_(y)Ga_(1-y)N (y<x andin this case, including y=0). In particular, when quantum-well layersand barrier layers are both formed with InGaN, films can be grown atsubstantially the same temperature resulting in an active layer withgood crystalline properties. Devices with high light emission output canbe produced by making barrier layer thickness 150 Å or less, and morepreferably 120 Å or less. Note that the active layer can also be dopedwith n-type or p-type dopant.

A green LD device can also have a conducting substrate such as a GaNsubstrate. One example of this type of green LD device 31 structure isdescribed based on the schematic cross-section of FIG. 11. The green LDdevice 31 emits green laser light at a oscillating wavelength of 532 nm,is fabricated with gallium nitride based compound semiconductors, isprovided with an n-type semiconductor layer 31 b, an active layer 31 c,and a p-type semiconductor layer 31 d on a GaN substrate 31 a. Then-type semiconductor layer 31 b has an n-side light-guide layer. Theactive layer 31 c has an MQW structure with two or more quantum-welllayers and at least one barrier layer between the quantum-well layers.The quantum-well layer closest to the n-type semiconductor layer 31 b isthe first quantum-well layer, and the quantum-well layer closest to thep-type semiconductor layer 31 d is the last quantum-well layer. Thebarrier layers have bandgap energy that is greater than the bandgapenergy of the n-side light-guide layer, and the last barrier layer is onthe p-type semiconductor layer side of the last quantum-well layer. Thep-type semiconductor layer 31 d has an electron barrier layer with ahigher bandgap energy than any of the barrier layers included in theactive layer 31 c. Further, the p-type semiconductor layer 31 d has ap-side light-guide layer between the last barrier layer and the electronbarrier layer. The p-side light-guide layer has a region (on the side ofthe last quantum-well layer) with lower bandgap energy than the n-sidelight-guide layer, and has a region (on the side of the electron barrierlayer) with greater bandgap energy than the n-side light-guide layer.Namely, the p-side light-guide layer has a composition gradient in whichthe bandgap energy increases approximately linearly from the low bandgapenergy region to the high bandgap energy region.

As mentioned, the green LD device 31 of this embodiment is provided withan n-type semiconductor layer 31 b, an active layer 31 c, and a p-typesemiconductor layer 31 d on a GaN substrate 31 a. The n-typesemiconductor layer 31 b is provided with a under layer made of anAl_(x)Ga_(1-x)N (0≦x<1), a first n-side semiconductor layer made ofSi-doped In_(y)Ga_(1-y)N (0≦y<1), a second n-side semiconductor layermade of Si-doped Al_(x)Ga_(1-x)N (0≦x<1) and Si-doped GaN, and a n-sidelight-guide layer made of un-doped In_(y)Ga_(1-y)N (0≦y<1). The activelayer 31 c is provided with an first quantum-well layer made of un-dopedIn_(y)Ga_(1-y)N (0≦y<1) on a first barrier layer made of Si-doped GaN, amid-level barrier layer made of un-doped GaN, a second quantum-welllayer made of un-doped In_(y)Ga_(1-y)N (0≦y<1), and a last barrier layermade of GaN layer grown. These layers configure an MQW structure. Thep-type semiconductor layer 31 d is provided with a p-side light-guidelayer grown with an approximately linear composition gradient of indiumas In_(y)Ga_(1-y)N (0≦y<1) side is on the quantum-well side and GaN sideis on the electron barrier layer side, an electron barrier layer made ofMg-doped Al_(x)Ga_(1-x)N (0≦x<1), a p-side cladding layer made ofun-doped Al_(x)Ga_(1-x)N (0≦x<1) and Mg-doped Al_(x)Ga_(1-x)N (0≦x<1),and a p-side contact layer made of Mg-doped GaN. A ridge 31 e is formedon the semiconductor structure described above. A p-side electrode 31 fmade of indium-tin-oxide (ITO) is formed on top of the ridge 31 e, and abond-pad 31 g is formed on the upper surface of the semiconductorstructure and the ridge and the p-side electrode. An n-side electrode 31h is formed on the bottom surface of the GaN substrate 31 a. Also,resonator end-planes and end-plane mirrors are established on thisstructure to make a green LD device with a wavelength of 532 nm.

As shown in FIG. 2, blue LED device 21 illumination is controlled by theLED driver circuit 22. Similarly, green LD device 31 light emission iscontrolled by the LD driver circuit 32. The light-guide plate 10 guidesand diffuses blue light emitted from each blue LED device 21 in the blueLED unit 20 and green light emitted from each green LD device 31 in thegreen LD unit 30. The backlight unit is principally made up of thelight-guide plate 10, the blue LED unit 20, and the green LD unit 30.

(Light-Guide Plate 10)

The light-guide plate 10 of the present embodiment is formed in aflat-plate shape having a thickness that is thin compared to the widthdimension. The light-guide plate is quadrangular (specifically,rectangular) in a plan view. The light-guide plate 10 includes the firstprincipal plane, the second principal plane, and four edges. The firstprincipal plane of the light-guide plate 10 is served as thelight-extraction surface, which is where light emits out of thelight-guide plate. The surface on the opposite side, which is the secondprincipal plane, is served as a reflecting surface. A light reflectingcomponent can be established on the reflecting surface side to reflectlight to light-extraction surface on the opposite-side. As shown in FIG.2, the light reflecting light component can be a reflector sheet 16separate from the light-guide plate 10, or an integral structure can beadopted where direct processing (e.g. light diffusion-dot patterning) isimplemented on the surface light-guide plate 10. Or, diffusing materialcan be initially impregnated in the resin of the light-guide plate toimplement a structure that emits light from the light-extraction surfacedue to reflection and scattering effects.

Resins such as acrylic resin, polycarbonate resin, amorphous polyolefinresin, polystyrene resin, norbornene based resins, and cyclo-olefinpolymer (COP) can be used as a material of the light-guide plate 10.These types of materials may be injection molded to form the light-guideplate 10.

To implement edge-lighting type unit, that is a blue LED unit 20 andgreen LD unit 30 are disposed at edges of the light-guide plate 10, itis preferable for edges of the light-guide plate that optically couplewith the point-source LEDs and LDs to incorporate a plurality of cut-outsections or notches. This allows efficiently light input from the lightsources into the light-guide plate 10 and allows dark areas to bereduced by expands the regions inside the light-guide plate 10 that areilluminated by the input light.

Further, in edge-lighting type unit having blue LED and green LD units20, 30 disposed at edges of the light-guide plate 10, it preferable todispose optical sheet that reflects light inside the light-guide plate10 at the edges that have no blue LED unit 20 or green LD unit 30. Thisallows light that has passed through the inside of the light-guide plate10 to be reflected at edges provided with optical sheet and canefficiently return that light to the inside of the light-guide plate 10.

Also in edge-lighting type unit having a green LD unit 30 opticallycoupled to an edge of the light-guide plate 10, it is preferable todispose the green LD devices 31 with an orientation that aligns itslaser far-field intensity pattern with the lengthwise direction of thelight-guide plate 10 edge. In detail, as shown in FIG. 12, in the casewhere the far-field pattern of the green LD devices 31 shows anelliptical rather than circular pattern, the rotation angle about thebeam-axis of each green LD device 31 is adjusted to align the major axisof the elliptical far-field pattern with the lengthwise direction of thelight-guide plate 10 edge. This adjustment enables light output from thegreen LD devices 31 to be efficiently introduced inside the light-guideplate 10.

Further, in the case where green LD devices 31 are used in combinationwith the light-guide plate 10, use of a light-scattering typelight-guide plate 10 is preferable over a total-reflection typelight-guide plate 10. This is because laser light has strong directivitywith a limited beam divergence angle compared to Lambertian-distributedLED light.

(Color Filters)

A liquid crystal display device may be provided with color filters toseparate white-light, which is obtained by mixing blue light from blueLED devices 21, red light from red phosphor material, and green lightfrom green LD devices 31, into its individual RGB components (i.e. a redcolor filter, a green color filter, and a blue color filter areprovided). A color filter passes light in a given range of wavelengthsto display the predetermined color. Ideally, the transmissivity peak ofthe color filter and the intensity peak of the light emission spectrumcoincide, and the light transmission characteristics of different colorsdo not overlap. For example, in the case of a backlight source thatcombines blue LED devices 21, β-SiAlON as green phosphor material, andCASN (CaAlSiN₃) as red phosphor material, the RGB component spectra RS,GS, and BS are as shown in FIG. 13, some bands of wavelengths of thelight are blocked when the light is passed through a blue color filterBF, green color filter GF, and red color filter RF, since the greenspectrum GS and the red spectrum RS have overlapping tail regions (shownas hatched portion in FIG. 13) that overlap with the wavelength whichcut by the red color filter RF and the green color filter GFrespectively. To avoid this situation, passage of undesired wavelengthscan be blocked by increasing pigment concentration in the color filter.However, this reduces color filter transmissivity and brightness.

In contrast, the backlight source for the present embodiment not onlyuses blue LED devices with a sharp intensity peak, but also employs KSFred phosphor material and green LD devices instead of green phosphor. Asshown in FIG. 14, the FWHM of the spectral peaks for red and green lightare narrower (compared to FIG. 13), so that width of blocked wavelengthsin the tail regions of the green spectrum GS and the red spectrum RS bythe red color filter RF and the green color filter GF are drasticallyreduced. This makes it possible to produce higher intensity white-lightand increases quantity of light. Specifically, since the tail of thespectrum of one color does not extend into spectral region of anothercolor such as for the broad spectra of green and red phosphors includedconventional structure, there may not be necessity to adjust propertiesof red and green color filter to block those tail region wavelengths.That is, the width of wavelength that need to be blocked by the red andgreen color filters are reduced, and filter transmissivity can beincreased. As a result, red and green light transmissivity can beincreased and overall light extraction efficiency can be improved.Accordingly, blue, green, and red light can be efficiently separated,and a liquid crystal display device light source can be obtained thatincreases light output while maintaining good color rendering.

In this embodiment, the peak wavelength of red phosphor material is setfrom 625 nm to 635 nm and preferably around of 630 nm, the peakwavelength of the green LD device 31 is set from 487 nm to 537 nm andpreferably around 532 nm, and the peak wavelength of the blue LED device21 is set from 462 nm to 452 nm and preferably around 467 nm.

Further, it is preferable to dispose the green LD unit 30 along the edgeof the light-guide plate 10 that becomes the bottom side edge when thelight-guide plate 10 is assembled in the liquid crystal display device.The green LD unit 30 may be larger and heavier than the blue LED unit 20due to providing with heat dissipating structure etc. By disposing thegreen LD unit 30 at the bottom side of the liquid crystal display deviceassembled with the backlight unit 100 inside, the liquid crystal displaydevice can attain a more stable weight distribution (i.e. the center ofgravity is lowered) in the upright orientation. In addition, orientingthe side of the outer frame of the display that has thicker than theother sides at the bottom gives the liquid crystal display device anaesthetically pleasing external appearance and allows a clean design tobe achieved.

Although the example above describes linear arrangements of LED devicesand LD devices in light source units, the present invention is notlimited to that configuration. Configurations where LED devices and LDdevices are mounted individually on the edges and/or backside of thelight-guide plate are also possible.

Second Embodiment

The green LD unit 30 may be a single unit disposed along an edge of thelight-guide plate 10, may also be divided and disposed as a plurality ofsubunits. As shown in the alternate example backlight unit 700 in theschematic plan view of FIG. 15, a first green LD unit 730 b is disposedalong the second edge of the light-guide plate 710, which is a shortside edge, a second green LD unit 730 a is disposed along a fourth edge,which is opposite the second edge, and a blue LED unit 720 and redphosphor material (e.g. red phosphor sheet 740) are disposed along afirst edge, which is a lengthwise side edge. Beam-axes of the green LDdevices 731 disposed at opposite edges of the light-guide plate 710(i.e. at the second edge and fourth edge) are substantially parallel andeach device is disposed in a manner that avoids the beam-axis of theeach device overlap. Specifically, the same total number of green LDdevices can be used as in the embodiment of FIG. 3 are mounted as everyother green LD device 31 of the green LD unit 30 in FIG. 3 is disposedat one edge (the second edge) and the remainder of devices disposed atthe other edge (in the second green LD unit 730 b along the fourthedge). The arrangement shown in FIG. 15 allows greater distance betweenadjacent green LD devices 731 than when those devices are disposed alonga single edge, it is advantageous from a heat dissipation viewpoint.Further, by disposing green LD devices 731 alternately at opposite edges(edges at the left and right ends of FIG. 15) of the light-guide plate710, laser light introduced from opposite directions can be uniformlydispersed when that light is redirected to the first principal plane ofthe light-guide plate 710.

Third Embodiment

In addition to edge-lighting type unit where blue LED devices aredisposed at an edge of the light-guide plate, direct backlighting typeunit that disposes the blue LED devices at the backside of thelight-guide plate is also possible. A schematic plan view of thebacklight unit 800 for the third embodiment of a liquid crystal displaydevice with a light-guide plate 810 is shown in FIG. 16. Blue LEDdevices 82 are configured for direct backlighting type. As shown in thisfigure, a green LD unit 830 is disposed at a second edge of thelight-guide plate 810, and the blue LED devices 821 and red phosphormaterial (e.g. a phosphor sheet 840) are disposed on the backside (thesecond principal plane side which is opposite the first principal plane)of the light-guide plate 810. The blue LED devices 821 are preferablydisposed with approximately equal intervals to obtain light at the firstprincipal plane that is as uniform as possible. Further, opticalelements such as a light scattering plate can be used to minimizeunevenness of brightness and make the distribution of light morehomogeneous. In addition, the blue LED devices 821 may be added adistribution expanding member such as a secondary lens to each LED forwidening light dispersion from blue LED devices.

With this configuration, that is, disposing blue LED devices 821 and redphosphor material on the backside of the light-guide plate 810 whiledisposing green LD devices 831 at an edge of the light-guide plate 810,the red phosphor material and blue LED devices 821 are separated fromthe green LD devices 831, and this can suppress thermal degradation ofthe red phosphor material and blue LED devices 821 due to heat generatedby the green LD devices 831.

This embodiment describes direct backlighting type unit by disposingblue LED devices on the backside of the light-guide plate combined withedge-lighting by green LD devices disposed along an edge of thelight-guide plate. However, the present invention is not limited to thisarrangement. For example, green LD devices can be disposed in a directbacklighting type configuration on the backside of the light-guide plateand blue LED devices can be disposed along an edge of the light-guideplate in an edge-lighting type configuration as well.

Fourth Embodiment

The embodiments above describe configurations where light emitted fromall the green LD devices emits in parallel beams and light emitted fromall the blue LED devices also emits in parallel beams. However, thepresent invention is not limited to this configuration, and some of thedevices can be mounted to incline their light beams off the paralleldirection as well. An example of this type is shown in the schematicplan view of FIG. 17 as the fourth embodiment. In the backlight unit 900shown in this figure, the green LD devices 931 at the ends of the row ofgreen LD devices 931 are disposed at oblique angle to change thedirection of green light beam and spread light from the inside towardsthe outside of the light-guide plate 910. In this manner, by anglingoutward green LD devices 931 at both ends of the row of multiple ofgreen LD devices 931, green LD devices disposed on the corner region(the ends of the row) shown in FIG. 3 may be omitted. Thus, greaterdistance can be established between the blue LED devices 921 and the redphosphor material 941 disposed on an adjacent edge and the green LDdevices 931, the effects of heat from the green LD devices 931 on theblue LED devices 921 and the red phosphor material 941 can be reduced.As shown in FIG. 15 no phosphor sheet intervenes between the green LDdevices and the light-guide plate in this embodiment as well as theembodiment in FIG. 3.

By biasing the arrangement of green LD devices 931 rather than disposingthem equally on the perimeter of the light-guide plate 910, dark areawhich has weak light emission may develop at the first principal plane(light-extraction surface) of the light-guide plate 910 partially. Suchdark area can be reduced by providing optical component within thelight-guide plate 910 such as reflecting or scattering part of the greenlight to opposing directions.

As described above, the red phosphor material can be protected fromthermal effects by establishing distance between the phosphor and thegreen LD devices, which generate large amount of heat. It is preferablenot to dispose the green LD devices in a dense arrangement, but ratherto establish distance between individual devices. In particular, in thecase where light sources are disposed immediately next to each other,that is, heat sources are disposed closely, heat dissipation propertiesare degraded. For this reason, it is preferable from a heat dissipationand lifetime extension perspective to dispose the blue LED devices andthe green LD devices in different locations.

Arrangements of the blue LED devices and green LD devices around thelight-guide plate can be appropriately selected according torequirements and specifications for the light-guide plate such as lightintensity, illumination area, and thickness. In particular, designconsiderations such as layout and number of LED and LD devices may beconstrained depending on the size of the liquid crystal display device.

The embodiments above described include a common light-guide plate whichguides light from both the blue LED devices and the green LD devices formaking the backlighting compact. In contrast, it is possible to use aplurality of the light-guide plates, such as a light-guide plate forblue LED device and a light-guide plate for green LD device. Forexample, the light-guide plate for blue LED device and the light-guidefor green LD device plate can be stacked in a double layer to obtainwhite-light which is mixed blue light and green light. In the case thata phosphor sheet that includes red phosphor material is added to thatstacked light-guide plate, preferably more distance is established fromthe green LD devices than from the blue LED devices. However, using aplurality of light-guide plates may make the backlighting bulky andreduce light intensity, so that it is preferable to use a commonlight-guide plate for both the blue LED devices and green LD devices.

Fifth Embodiment

It is also possible to adopt a structure where light introduced to thelight-guide plate is reflected at a edge of the light-guide plate whichis opposite to the edge in which the light introduced and returned tothe side of the light source. As shown in FIGS. 18A-18D, the light-guideplate 1010 can have the edge served as a reflecting surface. Thereflecting surface edge is opposite to an incident edge, which is wherelight from green LD devices 1031 is introduced, and the light introducedfrom the incident edge reflects at the reflecting surface edge forreturning the light inside the light-guide plate 1010. This structureallows for obtaining output light that is substantially uniform over theentire first principal plane and reducing the number of the green LDdevices 1031 which generate heat to limit heat generation by scatteringthe highly directional green laser light inside the light-guide plate1010. In particular, since light from the green LD devices are highlydirectional, scattering the light is essential, and from thermalconsiderations, limiting the number of LD devices is preferable.Accordingly, the structure that reflects light introduced from one edgeof the light-guide plate 1010 off the opposing edge (reflecting surface)can obtain uniform light emission from the entire first principal planeof the light-guide plate 1010 even with a limited number of green LDdevices.

As shown in FIGS. 18C and 18D, in a backlight units 1000 of an alternateembodiment, edges, which are opposite the edges where green LD device1031 are installed, are formed with angled segments having an L-likeshape in cross-sectional view, and by establishing a total reflectionangle such as 90°, laser light can be returned to the edge where LDdevice are installed.

Alternatively, as shown in the enlarged horizontal cross-section insetsof FIG. 18B, edges of the light-guide plate 1010 opposite the green LDdevices 1031 can also be formed with a saw-tooth pattern to scatter thelaser light.

The backlight unit shown in FIGS. 18A and 18B has similar structure tothat previously described for FIG. 15 in that green LD devices 1031 aredisposed in an alternating manner at opposite edges of the light-guideplate 1010 and are offset to avoid light beam overlap. By reflectinglaser light off opposing edges, a sufficient amount of light can besecured to achieve uniform backlighting while reducing the number ofgreen LD devices 1031 employed.

Sixth Embodiment

Green LD devices having a plurality of different peak wavelengths canalso be used instead of devices that all have substantially the samepeak wavelength characteristics. With this configuration, it is possibleto avoid speckle noise that occurs in single-beam laser light. Whenlaser light is emitted to an object, a speckle noise like granularpattern may appear. Speckle noise results from interference patternsproduced by scattered light when light from a coherent light source(e.g. laser light) is incident on a surface with random topology (i.e. adiffusing object). Using multi-mode laser obtained by laser light havingdifferent wavelengths rather than laser light that has a single-modespectrum can be suppress speckle noise generation, In particular,sufficient reduction in coherence of light can be achieved by spreadingthe width of the emission spectrum of the multi-mode laser.

Preferably, spacing between emission spectrum peaks of green LD devicesis within a range from 1 meV to 100 meV. However, spacing between alladjacent emission peaks does not necessarily have to be within thisrange.

As one embodiment of this structure, FIG. 19 shows a plan view of alight-guide plate 1210 in backlight unit 1200 as an alternateembodiment. In FIG. 19, first green LD devices 1231 a having an emissionpeak wavelength of 520 nm, second green LD devices 1231 b having anemission peak wavelength of 525 nm, and third green LD devices 1231 chaving an emission peak wavelength of 530 nm are mounted in the green LDunit 1230. The emission peak wavelengths of the semiconductor laserdiodes can be made different, for example, by varying mixed crystalratio of the indium in the active layer (e.g. In_(x)Ga_(1-x)N [0<x<1]).This can reduce speckle noise generated by single-mode green LD devices.As shown in FIG. 19, the green LD devices 1231 having differentwavelength can be arranged in a given repeating pattern, or they can bedisposed in a completely random fashion. Further, instead of providingthree types of green LD devices with different peak wavelengths eachother, two different types of devices or four or more different types ofdevices can be provided. Still further, instead of providing pluralityof individual green LD devices having different peak wavelengths eachother, a single integrated green LD device can be provided that has aplurality of semiconductor structures having different peak wavelengthseach fabricated on a common substrate.

A structure for aligning the beam-axes of the plurality of green LDshaving different peak wavelengths each other. For example, the pluralityof green LD beams can be merged together by a combination of reflectingplates and optical filters. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 20, use ofdichroic-mirrors that pass specific wavelengths can be considered. Here,a first dichroic-mirror 1238 a, a second dichroic-mirror 1238 b, and athird dichroic-mirror 1238 c are each disposed at an inclined angle withrespect to incident light from the first green LD device 1231 a, thesecond green LD device 1231 b, and the third green LD device 1231 crespectively. These mirrors are disposed so that the optical axes ofreflected light beams are coincident. The first dichroic-mirror 1238 ais disposed at an incline with respect to the beam-axis of the firstgreen LD device 1231 a, which emits 520 nm green light, and reflectsthat 520 nm green light in a horizontal direction. Similarly, the seconddichroic-mirror 1238 b is disposed at an incline with respect to thebeam-axis of the second green LD device 1231 b, which emits 525 nm greenlight, and reflects that 525 nm green light in a horizontal direction toalign it with the beam-axis of the horizontally reflected 520 nm light.Further, the third dichroic-mirror 1238 c is disposed at an incline withrespect to the beam-axis of the third green LD device 1231 c, andreflects the 520 nm and 525 nm green light, which is horizontallyreflected by the first dichroic-mirror 1238 a and second dichroic-mirror1238 b respectively, to the output direction. The third dichroic-mirror1238 c passes 530 nm light emitted by the third green LD device 1231 cto align that beam-axis with the output direction. With thisconfiguration, outputting 520 nm, 525 nm, and 530 nm color mixed greenlaser light with a common beam-axis can be obtained and speckle noisecan be reduced.

As another embodiment, the configuration shown in FIG. 21 can also beused to align the beam-axes of green LDs having different peakwavelengths. In this configuration, a first dichroic-mirror 1238 a isdisposed in the optical path of light from the first green LD device1231 a, and a third dichroic-mirror 1238 c is disposed in the opticalpath of light from the third green LD device 1231 c. In addition, asecond dichroic-mirror 1238 b and fourth dichroic-mirror 1238 d aredisposed in a separated manner along the beam-axis of the second greenLD device 1231 b. The first dichroic-mirror 1238 a is disposed at anincline with respect to the beam-axis of the first green LD device 1231a, which emits 520 nm green light, and reflects that 520 nm green lightin a horizontal direction. The second dichroic-mirror 1238 b is disposedat an incline with respect to the beam-axis of the second green LDdevice 1231 b, reflects 520 nm green light horizontally reflected by thefirst dichroic-mirror 1238 a to the output direction, and passes 525 nmgreen light emitted by the second green LD device 1231 b to align itsbeam-axis with that of the reflected 520 nm green light. The thirddichroic-mirror 1238 c is disposed at an incline with respect to thebeam-axis of the third green LD device 1231 c, which emits 530 nm greenlight, and reflects that 530 nm green light in a horizontal direction.Further, the fourth dichroic-mirror 1238 d is disposed at an inclinewith respect to the beam-axis of the second green LD device 1231 b,reflects 530 nm green light horizontally reflected by the thirddichroic-mirror 1238 c to the output direction, and passes 520 nm greenlight horizontally reflected by the second dichroic-mirror 1238 b aswell as 525 nm green light passed by the second dichroic-mirror 1238 bto align those beam-axes with that of the reflected 530 nm green light.In this system as well, speckle noise can be reduced by outputting 520nm, 525 nm, and 530 nm color mixed green laser light with a commonbeam-axis.

The preceding describes specific examples, and system parameters such aspeak wavelengths of green LD devices, number of devices, devicelocation, dichroic-mirror reflection spectra, and mirror location can bevaried appropriately. In addition, “beam-axes alignment” and“coincident” in description of FIGS. 20 and 21 may include perfectalignment and alignment with some misalignment. Such misalignment may bepermitted as long as the design of the device (for example the commonbeam-axis design for a given lens or the like) are managed.

As another alternate example, a backlight unit 1300 is shown in the planview of FIG. 22A and the cross-sectional view of FIG. 22B. As shown inthe figures, the light-guide plate 1310 (as viewed from above in FIG.22A) can have an edge that is oblique (not orthogonal) with respect toother edge, and the green LD device(s) 1331 is disposed at the end ofthe a edge which formed an acute angle with respect to the inclinededge. The unit can be configured to introduce laser light into thelight-guide plate 1310, reflect light off the surface that is inclinedwith respect to the incident light, and redirect that light as parallelbeams towards the edge opposite the inclined edge. This configurationmakes it possible to avoid disposing green LD devices along edges of thelight-guide plate 1310. For example, when the bottom edge of a displaydevice is configured to correspond to the bottom edge in FIG. 22A, thegreen LD device(s) 1331 can be disposed at the bottom of the displaydevice allowing a design that has a stable weight distribution (i.e. lowcenter of gravity).

As backlight structures that redirect incident light from an edge to thelight-extraction surface (viewing surface of the liquid crystal displaydevice) of the light-guide plate, configurations such as shown in FIGS.9A and 9B (described previously), can be adopted as appropriate. InFIGS. 9A and 9B, the bottom (second principal) surface of thelight-guide plate 610 is inclined with respect to horizontal and canreflect light to upward. Or, as another alternate example, white-lightcan be obtained from the light-extraction surface of the backlight unit1400 shown in the schematic cross-section of FIG. 23. As shown in FIG.23, in the case where green LD devices 1431 are disposed on an edge (foredge-lighting) and blue LED devices 1421 are disposed on the bottomsurface (for direct backlighting). the blue LED devices 1421 can becovered by dome shaped lenses 1429, light emitted by the green LDdevices 1431 can emit to the dome shaped lenses 1429, and light can bereflected upward to the light-extraction surface of the light-guideplate 1410. In this structure, white-light illumination from thelight-extraction surface can be obtained with a phosphor sheet 1440disposed on top of the light-guide plate 1410.

Seventh Embodiment

In the previously described embodiment of FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, LEDs and LDsare disposed on the first and second edges which are substantiallyorthogonal to each other of the rectangular light-guide plate (as viewedin a plan view), but as shown in the backlight unit 1500 for the seventhembodiment in FIG. 24, a blue LED unit 1520 and green LD unit 1530 canalso be provided on respective opposite edges of the light-guide plate1510. For example, a dedicated light-guide plate for blue LED devicesand a dedicated light-guide plate for green LD devices can be preparedseparately, blue LED devices and green LD devices can be disposed onopposite edges of each respective light-guide plate, and a stack ofthose structure can produce color mixed light in the white-lightcategory. Or alternatively, a single light-guide plate can bepartitioned in the thickness direction to form a two layer structure,blue LED devices can be disposed on an edge of one layer, and green LDdevices can be disposed on the opposite edge of the other layer.

Eighth Embodiment

In preceding embodiments, blue LED and green LD units are disposed asseparate units in different locations, but a structure that integratesthe blue LED unit and green LD unit into a single unit is also possible.An example of this type is shown in FIG. 25 as the eighth embodiment. Inthe backlight unit 1600 of this embodiment a light emitting unit 1620 isdisposed on one edge (i.e. the incident light edge) of the light-guideplate 1610. In addition, a phosphor sheet 1640 is disposed between thelight emitting unit 1620 and the light-guide plate 1610.

The light emitting unit 1620 has green LD devices 1631 and blue LEDdevices 1621 mounted alternately in a row. That is, green LD devices1631 and blue LED devices 1621 are alternately disposed on the secondedge of the light-guide plate. While this arrangement disposes lightemitting devices closely together, some distance is established betweenadjacent green LD devices 1631 and thermal effects of one green LDdevice on another green LD device can be reduced. Further, byconcentrating all the heat generating devices (i.e. the green LD devices1631 and blue LED devices 1621) in a single light emitting unit 1620,heat dissipating function can also be concentrated in the light emittingunit 1620 contributing to reduction in the number parts and parts-costas well as reduction of overall size of the backlight unit. Phosphor inthe phosphor sheet 1640 converts blue light from the blue LED devices1621 to red light, and can also serve as light scattering material toeffectively scatter green light from the green LD devices 1631.

By color mixing blue light, red light, and green light, a unit accordingto the present disclosure can be used as the light source for a liquidcrystal display device, which is capable to emit white light. The lightsource for liquid crystal display device may include with a plurality ofblue light emitting diodes, red phosphor that emits red light whenexcited by blue light from the blue light emitting diodes, and aplurality of green semiconductor lasers having a green emission peak.

The liquid crystal display backlight unit and liquid crystal displaydevice according to the present embodiment can be used advantageously intransmission-mode liquid crystal display devices that enable multi-coloror full-color rendering such as television sets, desk top computermonitors, notebook computer monitors, digital camera display screens,and navigation system display screens.

Implementation of the liquid crystal display backlight unit of thepresent embodiment enables a wider range of colors to be reproducedcompared to prior-art liquid crystal display backlight units employingblue LEDs and yellow phosphor.

What is claimed is:
 1. A backlight unit comprising: a light-guide platehaving a first principal plane, a second principal plane at oppositeside of the first principal plane, and at least one edge; and a lightsource optically coupled with the light-guide plate, with which light isinput from a plane of the light-guide plate and white-light is outputfrom the first principal plane of the light-guide plate, wherein thelight source comprises a plurality of blue light emitting diodes; redphosphor material excited by light from the blue light emitting diodesand emits red light; and a plurality of green semiconductor lasershaving emission peaks at green light wavelengths.
 2. The backlight unitaccording to claim 1, wherein the light-guide plate has a substantiallyrectangular shape in a plan view, the blue light emitting diodes aredisposed at a first edge of the light-guide plate, and the greensemiconductor lasers are disposed at a second edge, which meets at aright angle with the first edge.
 3. The backlight unit according toclaim 1, wherein the light-guide plate has a substantially rectangularshape in a plan view, the green semiconductor lasers are disposed at asecond edge of the light-guide plate, and the blue light emitting diodesare disposed on the second principal plane of the light-guide plate. 4.The backlight unit according to claim 1, wherein the green semiconductorlasers are disposed at opposing a first and a third edges of thelight-guide plate, and a beam-axis of each of the green semiconductorlasers is parallel to, and offset from the beam-axis of each of thegreen semiconductor lasers disposed at the opposing edge.
 5. Thebacklight unit according to claim 1, wherein the green semiconductorlasers are disposed in a row, an end green semiconductor whichpositioned on the end of the row is disposed at inclined angles to emitgreen light in a direction that spreads light from the inside of thelight-guide plate towards the outside.
 6. The backlight unit accordingto claim 1, wherein the light-guide plate has a substantiallyrectangular shape in a plan view, and the blue light emitting diodes andthe green semiconductor lasers are disposed in an alternating manner ata first edge of the light-guide plate.
 7. The backlight unit accordingto claim 1, wherein the light-guide plate has a reflecting edge oppositean incident edge, which is where incident light emits from the greensemiconductor lasers, the reflecting edge reflects the incident lightinput from the incident edge back into the light-guide plate.
 8. Thebacklight unit according to claim 1, wherein the red phosphor materialis disposed further away from the green semiconductor lasers than fromthe blue light emitting diodes.
 9. The backlight unit according to claim1, wherein a peak wavelength of at least one of the green semiconductorlasers has different from other green semiconductor lasers.
 10. Thebacklight unit according to claim 1, wherein the light-guide plate has aflat-plate-like shape with a lengthwise direction side and a shortdirection side which configure the first principal plane, and athickness direction side which is shorter than the short direction side,and wherein the green semiconductor lasers are disposed on the edge ofthe light-guide plate, a long direction of a far-field intensity patternof at least one of the green semiconductor lasers is aligned with thelengthwise direction or the short direction of the light-guide plate.11. The backlight unit according to claim 1, wherein the greensemiconductor lasers are disposed at one edge of the light-guide platewhich served as the bottom edge when the light-guide plate is assembledin the liquid crystal display.
 12. The backlight unit according to claim1, wherein the red phosphor material is included in a phosphor sheet,and the phosphor sheet is disposed on a surface of the light-guideplate.
 13. The backlight unit according to claim 1, wherein the redphosphor material is disposed on the surface where light from the bluelight emitting diodes is introduced.
 14. The backlight unit according toclaim 1, wherein the red phosphor material is disposed between the bluelight emitting diodes and the light-guide plate.
 15. The backlight unitaccording to claim 1, wherein a light diffuser sheet is disposed betweenthe green semiconductor lasers and the light-guide plate.
 16. Thebacklight unit according to claim 1, wherein the red phosphor materialis a fluoride phosphor material activated by Mn⁴⁺ with the followingformula:A[M_(1-a)Mn⁴⁺ _(a)F₆]  (1) wherein component A is selected from thegroup of elements: Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs, includes at least one of thosealkaline earth metals, and includes at least Na and/or K; component M isat least one element selected from the group 4 and group 14 elements,and a is a number satisfying the inequality 0<a<0.2 in the formula (1).17. The backlight unit according to claim 16, wherein the red phosphormaterial includes K₂SiF₆:Mn⁴⁺.
 18. The backlight unit according to claim1, wherein a peak wavelength of the red phosphor material is around 630nm, a peak wavelength of at least one of the green semiconductor lasersis around 532 nm, and peak wavelength of at least one of the blue lightemitting diodes is around 467 nm.
 19. A liquid crystal display deviceincluding the backlight unit according to claim 1.